# Golden rule

## The Golden rule

This capital level $\bar{k}$ is called the modified Golden-rule level of capital. The adjective modified comes from the fact that the Golden rule level of capital is the level of capital, $k^{\mathcal{GR}}$ that maximises consumption, $c$ at the steady state, thus achieving maximum consumption: $c^{\mathcal{GR}}.$

$$k=f(k)+(1-\delta)k-c \implies c = f(k) -\delta k.$$

Hence, the level of capital that maximises $c$ is given by:

$$\frac{\partial c(k)}{\partial k} = f^{\prime}(k) - \delta = 0.$$

From here, the Golden-rule level of capital which maximises consumption at the steady state satisfies

$$f^{\prime}(k^\mathcal{GR}) = \delta \implies k^{\mathcal{GR}} = {f^{\prime}}^{-1}(\delta).$$

However, the competitive steady-state level of capital $\bar{k}$ was characterised by

$$f^{\prime}(\bar{k}) = \frac{1-\beta (1 - \delta)}{\beta} \implies \bar{k} = {f^{\prime}}^{-1}\left(\frac{1-\beta (1 - \delta)}{\beta}\right).$$

Hence, $k^{\mathcal{GR}} = \bar{k}$ is only possible if and only if $\frac{1-\beta (1 - \delta)}{\beta} = \delta \implies \beta = 1.$

### Under- or over-accumulation of capital in the Ramsey model

According to the results before, the competitive steady-state level of capital maximises consumption at the steady state. In fact, we have that

$$f^{\prime}(\bar{k}) = \frac{1-\beta (1 - \delta)}{\beta}$$ $$f^{\prime}(k^{\mathcal{GR}}) = \delta.$$

So, unless $\beta = 1,$ the economy is not at the Golden-rule level of capital.

Since $\frac{1-\beta (1 - \delta)}{\beta} > \delta$, we conclude that $\bar{k} < k^{\mathcal{GR}}:$ the level of capital is below its Golden-rule level.

We derived the level of capital in the competitive equilibrium by maximising total utility. However, $\bar{k}$ does not maximise steady-state consumption. In that sense, achieving the Golden Rule level of capital $k^{\mathcal{GR}}$ is not desirable from the viewpoint of utility maximisation.

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